| pali_third_year_all.odt |
| dutanga_niddesa.odt |
PGI. 302 – Advanced Pāli Grammar & Unprescribed texts
Syllabus
Proficiency of advanced Pāli Grammar and in translating into English prose and verse passaged belonging to the various strata of Pāli literature will be examined. Candidates should pay attention to the Canonical works, Commentaries, Chronicals and life stories of the Buddha written in Pāli since the prose and verse passages will be given for translation from those categories of Pāli literature. Passages should be translated into simple, lucid and grammatical English showing a proper understanding of the subject matter and syntax.
Recommended Reading:
1. Pāli Reader E. W. Adikaram, Colombo, 1947
2. A Pāli Reader (Part One) Dines Andersen, Copenhagen, London, 1935
3. Introduction to Pāli A. K. Warder, London, 1991
4. M. A. Pāli Course. 2 Vol. B. C. Law, Culcutta, 1941
Abbreviations Abl. - Ablative case, used to indicate separation or reason.
Acc. - Accusative case, normally used to indicate object of the verb
Absol. - Absolutive; a verbal from used before the final verb of the sentence. The suffixes tvā, tvāna, tūna and ya are added to the root to make an absolutive. The suffix ya is added only when the root is prefixed. Prefixes are added at the beginning and suffixes are added at the end.
Caus. - Causative; the doer does not do the action, but makes another to do it. This is what is meant by causative. In making causative verbal forms the suffixes e, aya, āpe, āpaya are added to the root. When those suffixes are added, the root vowel is lengthened. For example: abhi + vad + e + tvā = abhivādetvā
Cp. - Compare
Dat. - Dative case, used to indicate purpose or the receiver
Der. - Derivative noun which is derived from a noun or from a root.
Fut. - Future
Indcl. - Indeclinable is a part of the language which cannot be declined. It remains the same throughout the language.
Interr.p. - Interrogative particle which is used to form a question.
Loc. - Locative case, used to indicate space and time
Nom. - Nominative case, used to indicate the subject of the sencence
Opt. - Optative
Pl. - Plural
Pp. - Past participle+ the suffix to be added to the root is ‘ta’. All participles are adjectives and declined in three genders.
Pres. - Present tense
Pst. - Past Tense
Sg. - Singular
Skt. - Sanskrit
Recommended Reading:
1. Pāli Reader E. W. Adikaram, Colombo, 1947
2. A Pāli Reader (Part One) Dines Andersen, Copenhagen, London, 1935
3. Introduction to Pāli A. K. Warder, London, 1991
4. M. A. Pāli Course. 2 Vol. B. C. Law, Culcutta, 1941
Abbreviations Abl. - Ablative case, used to indicate separation or reason.
Acc. - Accusative case, normally used to indicate object of the verb
Absol. - Absolutive; a verbal from used before the final verb of the sentence. The suffixes tvā, tvāna, tūna and ya are added to the root to make an absolutive. The suffix ya is added only when the root is prefixed. Prefixes are added at the beginning and suffixes are added at the end.
Caus. - Causative; the doer does not do the action, but makes another to do it. This is what is meant by causative. In making causative verbal forms the suffixes e, aya, āpe, āpaya are added to the root. When those suffixes are added, the root vowel is lengthened. For example: abhi + vad + e + tvā = abhivādetvā
Cp. - Compare
Dat. - Dative case, used to indicate purpose or the receiver
Der. - Derivative noun which is derived from a noun or from a root.
Fut. - Future
Indcl. - Indeclinable is a part of the language which cannot be declined. It remains the same throughout the language.
Interr.p. - Interrogative particle which is used to form a question.
Loc. - Locative case, used to indicate space and time
Nom. - Nominative case, used to indicate the subject of the sencence
Opt. - Optative
Pl. - Plural
Pp. - Past participle+ the suffix to be added to the root is ‘ta’. All participles are adjectives and declined in three genders.
Pres. - Present tense
Pst. - Past Tense
Sg. - Singular
Skt. - Sanskrit
Examination Questions
Questions
Sārasaṅgaha - Translate into English Kāladevalo kira tāpaso mahāsattassa jātadivase attano vandāpanatthaṃ upanītassa mahāsattassa pādāni parivattitvā attano matthake patiṭṭhite uṭṭhayāsanā añjalimpaggayha olokento ayaṃ nissaṃsayaṃ Buddho bhavissati, ahaṃ taṃ Buddhabhūtaṃ taṭṭuṃ na labhissāmi. Mayhaṃ pana bhāgineyyo Nālako labhissatī’ti dibbacakkhunā disvā tāvadeva bhaginiyā gehaṃ gantvā attano santikaṃ agata Nālakaṃ āha. Tāta Suddhodana mahārājassa kule putto jāto, Buddhaṅkhuro esa pañcatinsa vassāni atikkamitvā buddho bhavissati, taṃ etaṃ daṭṭhuṃ labhissasi, ajjeva pabbajjāhi’ti.
Sattasītikoṭidhane kule nibbatto dārako „na maṃ mātulo anatthe niyojessatī’ti, cintetvā tāvadeva antarapaṇato kasāvāni ceva mattikā pattañca āharāpetvā kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāvāni vatthāni acchādetvā „yo loke uttama puggalo taṃ uddissa mayhaṃ pabbajjāti“ bodhisatthābhimukhaṃ añjalimpaggayha pañcapatiṭṭhitena panditvā pattaṃ thavikāya pakkhipitvā ansaūṭe laggetvā Himavantaṃ pavisitvā samaṇdhammaṃ akāsi.
Answer:
The hermit named Kāladeva on the birthday of great Bodhisatta brought to him to respect great Bodhisatta turned round feet stepped on the forehead.(?) Having got up from seat, worshipped both hand(?) and looking for this boy without doubht, he will(?) become(?) enlightenment(?) in the future.
I am not being able to see him. My sister Nālaka will be able to see him, having seen with divine eyes at that moment and having gone to the house of sister.(?)
Said to Nālaka to approach him: „Oh! My dear son was born in the family of great king Sudhodana. He is a plant of future Buddha. He will become Buddha in his 35 years old(?), you will be able to see him, so ordain today.“
Nālaka having thought that 87 koṭi relative(?) born, will not engaged(?) me wrong way, from a short time having hope to bring robes and bowl, shave hair and beard and having dressed robes. „My ordination may be for who is the excellent person in this world.“
Having respected to the direction of Bodhisatta and worshipped with excellent method, having kept the bowl in the bed, hang in the wholly(?), having entered the Himalāya practiced duties of a monk.(?)
Khuddakanikāye – Ekadasakanipātapāḷi – Mettāsuttaṃ ‘‘Mettāya, bhikkhave, cetovimuttiyā āsevitāya bhāvitāya bahulīkatāya yānīkatāya vatthukatāya anuṭṭhitāya paricitāya susamāraddhāya ekādasānisaṃsā pāṭikaṅkhā.
Katame ekādasa? Sukhaṃ supati, sukhaṃ paṭibujjhati, na pāpakaṃ supinaṃ passati, manussānaṃ piyo hoti, amanussānaṃ piyo hoti, devatā rakkhanti, nāssa aggi vā visaṃ vā satthaṃ vā kamati, tuvaṭaṃ cittaṃ samādhiyati, mukhavaṇṇo vippasīdati, asammūḷho kālaṃ karoti, uttari appaṭivijjhanto brahmalokūpago hoti. Mettāya, bhikkhave, cetovimuttiyā āsevitāya bhāvitāya bahulīkatāya yānīkatāya vatthukatāya anuṭṭhitāya paricitāya susamāraddhāya ime ekādasānisaṃsā pāṭikaṅkhā’’ti. Pañcamaṃ.
Khuddakanikāye – Udāna-aṭṭhakathā - 1. Bodhivaggo – 10. Bāhiyasuttavaṇṇanā So vayappatto gharāvāsaṃ vasanto vaṇijjatthāya bahūnaṃ bhaṇḍānaṃ nāvaṃ pūretvā samuddaṃ pavisitvā aparāparaṃ sañcaranto satta vāre saddhiṃyeva parisāya attano nagaraṃ upagañchi.
Aṭṭhame vāre pana ‘‘suvaṇṇabhūmiṃ gamissāmī’’ti āropitabhaṇḍo nāvaṃ abhiruhi. Nāvā mahāsamuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā icchitadesaṃ apatvāva samuddamajjhe vipannā. Mahājano macchakacchapabhakkho ahosi. Bāhiyo pana ekaṃ nāvāphalakaṃ gahetvā taranto ūmivegena mandamandaṃ khipamāno bhassitvā samudde patitattā jātarūpeneva samuddatīre nipanno. Parissamaṃ vinodetvā assāsamattaṃ labhitvā uṭṭhāya lajjāya gumbantaraṃ pavisitvā acchādanaṃ aññaṃ kiñci apassanto akkanāḷāni chinditvā vākehi paliveṭhetvā nivāsanapāvuraṇāni katvā acchādesi. Keci pana ‘‘dāruphalakāni vijjhitvā vākena āvuṇitvā nivāsanapāvuraṇaṃ katvā acchādesī’’ti vadanti. Evaṃ sabbathāpi dārumayacīradhāritāya ‘‘dārucīriyo’’ti purimavohārena ‘‘bāhiyo’’ti ca paññāyittha.
Answer:
When Bāhiya having grown up lived as a merchant with his friends, he crossed the ocean to the other beach by ship. After that he approached his town, it was seven times.(?) At the eighth time he thought he will go to Myanmar. He ascended to ship with full of goods.(?) When they were in the mid ocean, destroyed by huge wave and they were subject to eat by fish and tortoise.(?) But Bāhiya having taken a part of ship and having swum with fast wave he approached place of beach foot(?) at the seventh day.
He felt asleep, having not clothes like when he was born from his mother's womb at the beach of ocean. He was shine/shy(?) and/but(?) not seeing anything to dress. So, he set up or(?) connecting with a peace of wood and a branch of tree as clothing and put on.(?)
he alwayslived like that, so people named him as famous(?) name of Dāruci but his previous name was Bāhiya.
Visuddhimagga – Paṭhamo bhāgo - 8. Anussatikammaṭṭhānaniddeso – Maraṇassatikathā Kāyabahusādhāraṇatoti ayaṃ kāyo bahusādhāraṇo. Asītiyā tāva kimikulānaṃ sādhāraṇo, tattha chavinissitā pāṇā chaviṃ khādanti, cammanissitā cammaṃ khādanti, maṃsanissitā maṃsaṃ khādanti, nhārunissitā nhāruṃ khādanti, aṭṭhinissitā aṭṭhiṃ khādanti, miñjanissitā miñjaṃ khādanti. Tattheva jāyanti jīyanti mīyanti, uccārapassāvaṃ karonti. Kāyova nesaṃ sūtigharañceva gilānasālā ca susānañca vaccakuṭi ca passāvadoṇikā ca. Svāyaṃ tesampi kimikulānaṃ pakopena maraṇaṃ nigacchatiyeva. Yathā ca asītiyā kimikulānaṃ, evaṃ ajjhattikānaṃyeva anekasatānaṃ rogānaṃ bāhirānañca ahivicchikādīnaṃ maraṇassa paccayānaṃ sādhāraṇo.
Yathā hi catumahāpathe ṭhapite lakkhamhi sabbadisāhi āgatā sarasattitomarapāsāṇādayo nipatanti, evaṃ kāyepi sabbupaddavā nipatanti. Svāyaṃ tesampi upaddavānaṃ nipātena maraṇaṃ nigacchatiyeva. Tenāha bhagavā – ‘‘idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu divase nikkhante rattiyā paṭihitāya iti paṭisañcikkhati, bahukā kho me paccayā maraṇassa, ahi vā maṃ ḍaṃseyya, vicchiko vā maṃ ḍaṃseyya, satapadī vā maṃ ḍaṃseyya, tena me assa kālaṅkiriyā, so mamassa antarāyo, upakkhalitvā vā papateyyaṃ, bhattaṃ vā me bhuttaṃ byāpajjeyya, pittaṃ vā me kuppeyya, semhaṃ vā me kuppeyya, satthakā vā me vātā kuppeyyuṃ, tena me assa kālaṅkiriyā, so mamassa antarāyo’’ti. Evaṃ (a. ni. 6.20) kāyabahusādhāraṇato maraṇaṃ anussaritabbaṃ.
Pārājika Pāḷi And not long after the crowd has departed Sudinna, Kalandaka came up to the Lord and having come up he greeted the Lord and sat down on one side. As he was sitting on one side, Sudinna the Kalandaka spoke thus to the Lord: „Lord, so far as I understand Dhamma taught by the Lord, it is not an easy matter for one who lives for(?) a house to lead the Brahma life, coomplete and undefiled and polished like a conch-shell. I desire, Lord, having cut off my hair and beard and having donned the yellow robes, to go forth from home to homelessness, may the Lord let me go forth.“ „But Sudinna, have you your parents' consent to go forth?“ „No, Lord. I have not my parents' consent . I will do whatever is necessary, so that my parents will consent to my going forth from home into homelessness, Lord.“
Sārasaṅgaha - Translate into English Kāladevalo kira tāpaso mahāsattassa jātadivase attano vandāpanatthaṃ upanītassa mahāsattassa pādāni parivattitvā attano matthake patiṭṭhite uṭṭhayāsanā añjalimpaggayha olokento ayaṃ nissaṃsayaṃ Buddho bhavissati, ahaṃ taṃ Buddhabhūtaṃ taṭṭuṃ na labhissāmi. Mayhaṃ pana bhāgineyyo Nālako labhissatī’ti dibbacakkhunā disvā tāvadeva bhaginiyā gehaṃ gantvā attano santikaṃ agata Nālakaṃ āha. Tāta Suddhodana mahārājassa kule putto jāto, Buddhaṅkhuro esa pañcatinsa vassāni atikkamitvā buddho bhavissati, taṃ etaṃ daṭṭhuṃ labhissasi, ajjeva pabbajjāhi’ti.
Sattasītikoṭidhane kule nibbatto dārako „na maṃ mātulo anatthe niyojessatī’ti, cintetvā tāvadeva antarapaṇato kasāvāni ceva mattikā pattañca āharāpetvā kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāvāni vatthāni acchādetvā „yo loke uttama puggalo taṃ uddissa mayhaṃ pabbajjāti“ bodhisatthābhimukhaṃ añjalimpaggayha pañcapatiṭṭhitena panditvā pattaṃ thavikāya pakkhipitvā ansaūṭe laggetvā Himavantaṃ pavisitvā samaṇdhammaṃ akāsi.
Answer:
The hermit named Kāladeva on the birthday of great Bodhisatta brought to him to respect great Bodhisatta turned round feet stepped on the forehead.(?) Having got up from seat, worshipped both hand(?) and looking for this boy without doubht, he will(?) become(?) enlightenment(?) in the future.
I am not being able to see him. My sister Nālaka will be able to see him, having seen with divine eyes at that moment and having gone to the house of sister.(?)
Said to Nālaka to approach him: „Oh! My dear son was born in the family of great king Sudhodana. He is a plant of future Buddha. He will become Buddha in his 35 years old(?), you will be able to see him, so ordain today.“
Nālaka having thought that 87 koṭi relative(?) born, will not engaged(?) me wrong way, from a short time having hope to bring robes and bowl, shave hair and beard and having dressed robes. „My ordination may be for who is the excellent person in this world.“
Having respected to the direction of Bodhisatta and worshipped with excellent method, having kept the bowl in the bed, hang in the wholly(?), having entered the Himalāya practiced duties of a monk.(?)
Khuddakanikāye – Ekadasakanipātapāḷi – Mettāsuttaṃ ‘‘Mettāya, bhikkhave, cetovimuttiyā āsevitāya bhāvitāya bahulīkatāya yānīkatāya vatthukatāya anuṭṭhitāya paricitāya susamāraddhāya ekādasānisaṃsā pāṭikaṅkhā.
Katame ekādasa? Sukhaṃ supati, sukhaṃ paṭibujjhati, na pāpakaṃ supinaṃ passati, manussānaṃ piyo hoti, amanussānaṃ piyo hoti, devatā rakkhanti, nāssa aggi vā visaṃ vā satthaṃ vā kamati, tuvaṭaṃ cittaṃ samādhiyati, mukhavaṇṇo vippasīdati, asammūḷho kālaṃ karoti, uttari appaṭivijjhanto brahmalokūpago hoti. Mettāya, bhikkhave, cetovimuttiyā āsevitāya bhāvitāya bahulīkatāya yānīkatāya vatthukatāya anuṭṭhitāya paricitāya susamāraddhāya ime ekādasānisaṃsā pāṭikaṅkhā’’ti. Pañcamaṃ.
Khuddakanikāye – Udāna-aṭṭhakathā - 1. Bodhivaggo – 10. Bāhiyasuttavaṇṇanā So vayappatto gharāvāsaṃ vasanto vaṇijjatthāya bahūnaṃ bhaṇḍānaṃ nāvaṃ pūretvā samuddaṃ pavisitvā aparāparaṃ sañcaranto satta vāre saddhiṃyeva parisāya attano nagaraṃ upagañchi.
Aṭṭhame vāre pana ‘‘suvaṇṇabhūmiṃ gamissāmī’’ti āropitabhaṇḍo nāvaṃ abhiruhi. Nāvā mahāsamuddaṃ ajjhogāhetvā icchitadesaṃ apatvāva samuddamajjhe vipannā. Mahājano macchakacchapabhakkho ahosi. Bāhiyo pana ekaṃ nāvāphalakaṃ gahetvā taranto ūmivegena mandamandaṃ khipamāno bhassitvā samudde patitattā jātarūpeneva samuddatīre nipanno. Parissamaṃ vinodetvā assāsamattaṃ labhitvā uṭṭhāya lajjāya gumbantaraṃ pavisitvā acchādanaṃ aññaṃ kiñci apassanto akkanāḷāni chinditvā vākehi paliveṭhetvā nivāsanapāvuraṇāni katvā acchādesi. Keci pana ‘‘dāruphalakāni vijjhitvā vākena āvuṇitvā nivāsanapāvuraṇaṃ katvā acchādesī’’ti vadanti. Evaṃ sabbathāpi dārumayacīradhāritāya ‘‘dārucīriyo’’ti purimavohārena ‘‘bāhiyo’’ti ca paññāyittha.
Answer:
When Bāhiya having grown up lived as a merchant with his friends, he crossed the ocean to the other beach by ship. After that he approached his town, it was seven times.(?) At the eighth time he thought he will go to Myanmar. He ascended to ship with full of goods.(?) When they were in the mid ocean, destroyed by huge wave and they were subject to eat by fish and tortoise.(?) But Bāhiya having taken a part of ship and having swum with fast wave he approached place of beach foot(?) at the seventh day.
He felt asleep, having not clothes like when he was born from his mother's womb at the beach of ocean. He was shine/shy(?) and/but(?) not seeing anything to dress. So, he set up or(?) connecting with a peace of wood and a branch of tree as clothing and put on.(?)
he alwayslived like that, so people named him as famous(?) name of Dāruci but his previous name was Bāhiya.
Visuddhimagga – Paṭhamo bhāgo - 8. Anussatikammaṭṭhānaniddeso – Maraṇassatikathā Kāyabahusādhāraṇatoti ayaṃ kāyo bahusādhāraṇo. Asītiyā tāva kimikulānaṃ sādhāraṇo, tattha chavinissitā pāṇā chaviṃ khādanti, cammanissitā cammaṃ khādanti, maṃsanissitā maṃsaṃ khādanti, nhārunissitā nhāruṃ khādanti, aṭṭhinissitā aṭṭhiṃ khādanti, miñjanissitā miñjaṃ khādanti. Tattheva jāyanti jīyanti mīyanti, uccārapassāvaṃ karonti. Kāyova nesaṃ sūtigharañceva gilānasālā ca susānañca vaccakuṭi ca passāvadoṇikā ca. Svāyaṃ tesampi kimikulānaṃ pakopena maraṇaṃ nigacchatiyeva. Yathā ca asītiyā kimikulānaṃ, evaṃ ajjhattikānaṃyeva anekasatānaṃ rogānaṃ bāhirānañca ahivicchikādīnaṃ maraṇassa paccayānaṃ sādhāraṇo.
Yathā hi catumahāpathe ṭhapite lakkhamhi sabbadisāhi āgatā sarasattitomarapāsāṇādayo nipatanti, evaṃ kāyepi sabbupaddavā nipatanti. Svāyaṃ tesampi upaddavānaṃ nipātena maraṇaṃ nigacchatiyeva. Tenāha bhagavā – ‘‘idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu divase nikkhante rattiyā paṭihitāya iti paṭisañcikkhati, bahukā kho me paccayā maraṇassa, ahi vā maṃ ḍaṃseyya, vicchiko vā maṃ ḍaṃseyya, satapadī vā maṃ ḍaṃseyya, tena me assa kālaṅkiriyā, so mamassa antarāyo, upakkhalitvā vā papateyyaṃ, bhattaṃ vā me bhuttaṃ byāpajjeyya, pittaṃ vā me kuppeyya, semhaṃ vā me kuppeyya, satthakā vā me vātā kuppeyyuṃ, tena me assa kālaṅkiriyā, so mamassa antarāyo’’ti. Evaṃ (a. ni. 6.20) kāyabahusādhāraṇato maraṇaṃ anussaritabbaṃ.
Pārājika Pāḷi And not long after the crowd has departed Sudinna, Kalandaka came up to the Lord and having come up he greeted the Lord and sat down on one side. As he was sitting on one side, Sudinna the Kalandaka spoke thus to the Lord: „Lord, so far as I understand Dhamma taught by the Lord, it is not an easy matter for one who lives for(?) a house to lead the Brahma life, coomplete and undefiled and polished like a conch-shell. I desire, Lord, having cut off my hair and beard and having donned the yellow robes, to go forth from home to homelessness, may the Lord let me go forth.“ „But Sudinna, have you your parents' consent to go forth?“ „No, Lord. I have not my parents' consent . I will do whatever is necessary, so that my parents will consent to my going forth from home into homelessness, Lord.“